Subject(s): Political activity - -- Ethnic relations -- Political aspects -- Local elections in France, Case studies -- Minorities in France in Political activity ,Case studies -- Local elections in Great Britain,Case studies -- Minorities in Great Britain in Political activity, Case studies -- France in Ethnic relations in Political aspects, Case studies -- Lille (France) in Politics and government -- Roubaix (France) in Politics and government -- Great Britain in Ethnic relations in Political aspects in Case studies -- Birmingham (England) in Politics and government -- Election of ethnic minorities on European city council -- Comparing ethnic minority politics in Britain and France -- Contrasting levels of representation and modes of access in 1980s and 1990s -- Historical institutionalism and the comparison of local cases strategies of management of ethnic conflict and historical institutionalism -- British Policy framework" liberal citizenship regime, depoliticization and the race relationism of British cities 1948-1958: pressure on local authorities and national indifference -- Mass migration -- British race relation policy -- Legacy of the 1960s settlement -- Polarization of the 1970s -- labour party as the minority party Local labour activism -- race relationism of British cities in the 1980s and 1990s -- French policy framework: Planned migration in Xenophobic terms -- Construction of consensus after 1997 -- Brimingham, 1980s-2001: Inner-city labour politics and pluri-ethnic government -- From inf=difference to multi-ethnic coalition : the British of ethnic politics in Birmingham -- Institutions and activists : how ethnic minorities penetrated the labour party -- Machine politics and exclusion of minorities in the French municipal system -- Lille's double strategy of externalization and political exclusion -- Emergence of north African minorities -- Policy of gentrification -- Minority exclusion in Lille -- Inclusion through neighbourhood groups and an open municipal game -- Urban crisis, migrations and the political management of the crisis -- Post industrial crisis -- Roubaix political history and immigrant incorporation in the 1990s -- Cross party government and inclusion of migrants in the municipal community -- North African activists in an open political game -- Strength and limitations of historical institutionalism in ethnic minority studies -- Muslims in Britain -- Decline of European left -- Local strategies and their unintended effects