Subject(s): Panchayati Raj -- NAtional Movement -- Rural and urban -- Political Situations -- Civil society in Kerala : Socio-religious movements, tenurial movements, socio-political movements -- Panchayati raj of India : Historical background, Gandhi- national movement and villages, post independence period, amendments, Panchayati raj in Kerala, state formation, 73rd and 74th amendments and their implementation in Kerala, criticisms of amendments, people's campaign for the ninth plan -- Field study of decentralization in Kerala : Possibilities and obstacles, financial situation, bureaucracy, rural- urban dichotomy, learnings from other campaigns- motivation, importance of institutions, women participation, problem of politicization, political sphere, voluntary organizations