Subject(s): Economics in History. -- Physiocrats : natural order, net product, circulation of wealth, trade, functions of the state, taxation -- Adam Smith : Division of labour, naturalism and optimism, economic liberty and international trade, J.B Say -- Pessimists : Malthus the law of population , Ricardo, Law of rent, wages and profit, balance of trade theory and the quantity theory of money, paper money -- Antagonists -- Sismondi and the origins of the critical school , political economy, over production and competition, divorce of land from labour as the cause of pauperism and the crises, Sismondi's influence upon the history of doctrines -- Saint-Simon, the saint-simonians and the beginnings of collectivism (M.Rist) -- Industrialism, private property -- Associative socialists -- Robert Owen: Creation of the Milieu , abolition of profit -- Charles Fourier: Phalanstere, Integral cooperation, land and labour -- Louis blanc -- Friedrich list and the national system of political economy -- List's idea in relations to the economic conditions in Germany, Sources of list's inspiration , His influence upon subsequent protectionist doctrines , List's real originality -- Proudhon and the socialism of 1848: Private property and socialism, Revolution of 1848 and the discredit of socialism, exchange bank theory, Proudhon's influence after 1848 -- Liberalism -- Optimists: theory of service-value, Law of free utility and rent, Relation of profit and wage, subordination of producers to consumers, law of solidarity -- Apogee and decline of the classical school John Stuart Mill: fundamental laws, Mill's individual-socialist programme, Mill's successors -- Dissenters -- Historical school and the conflict of methods -- State socialism : Laissez-Faire, Socialistic origins of state socialism, Rodbertus and Lassalle -- Marxism: Surplus labour and surplus value, Law of concentration or appropriation, Neo-Marxian reforms and syndicates -- Doctrines that owe their inspiration to Christianity : Le Play's school, Social Catholicism, social protestantism, Mystics -- Recent doctrines -- Hedonists : Pseudo- Rebaissance of the classical school, Psychological school, mathematical school -- Theory of rent and its applications : Theoretical extension of the concept rent, Unearned increment and the proposal of confiscate rent by taxation, systems of land nationalisation , socialist extensions of the doctrine of rent -- Solidarists : Solidarist thesis and its applications -- Anarchists: Stirner's philosophical anarchism and the cult of the individual, Social and political anarchism and the criticism of authority, Mutual aid and the anarchist conception of society , revolution