Subject(s): Communal unity -- Communal riots -- Non-Violence Approach -- India and Pakistan -- Communal Problem -- Hinduism -- approaches of communal unity -- Hindu Muslim Unity -- Communalism -- Achievements of communal unity -- Mutual tolerance, Pacts, Intermarriage, -- Religious aspects of the communal problems -- Hunduism, Islam, Temple and Mosques, Cow slaughter and cow protection, Unaccountability and caste, Communal slogans -- Problem of minority -- Congress and minority problems, Muslims, Swaraj, Separate electorate -- communal disturbance : tragedy of riots, independence, partition riot -- Causes of communal riots : Psychology of fear, Tiredness of non-violence -- Social implication of communal riots -- Crimes against women -- Personal reaction to communal riots -- Religion and riots, readiness for martyrdom -- Non-violent approaches to communal unity and peace -- Self defence : violent and non violent way -- Military and police -- Duty of a satyagrahi -- Partition and Pakistan -- Religious basis of partition , Two nation theory, Partition of Bengal and Punjab , Boundary commission, Refugee problem -- India-Pakistan relations -- Treatment of minorities, Non-muslim minorities in Pakistan, Muslim minorities in India, Post-partition relations -- Communal relations in free India : Independence, Equality, Socialistic equality, Franchise, Military disturbances, Political parties, Secular state, Religion and nationalism, Religious festivals, Minorities in service, Separatism, Synthesis of culture, Communal life in Villages