Subject(s): Rural development in India. -- Non-governmental organizations in India. -- NGO and rural development, rural problems, poverty, casteism, women's exploitation, rural unemployment, unremunerative agriculture, lack of basic amenities, denial of information, government policies, political instability, treats of zations, loss of control of farmers, ecosystem, reversal of land ceiling act, polarization of wealth, WTO v/s labor and environmental standards -- Evolution and growth of voluntary organizations -- Theory of voluntarism : Amateur voluntarism/ Xerox copy voluntarism, ventilatory voluntarism, survival voluntarism, pseudo voluntarism, transfiguration of voluntarism -- Framework and types of NGOs : Charity NGOs, relief and rehabilitation, service providing NGos, economic development, social development, empowerment, network, support, mixed roles, parameters of classification -- Concept of development, rural development and voluntary action : Dimensions and indicators of development, economic characteristics, welfare, political indicators, sustainable development, people's development and area development -- Specialties of NGOs interventions in rural development : Gender awareness, political awareness, facilitating panchayati raj, liberation education, capacity education, capacity building, training and exposure, participatory training, capacity building, people through participatory rural appraisal, community organization, promotion of CBOs, SHGs, stages of group formation, major indicators of effective SHGs, instruction by reserve bank of India, NABARD, women's bank/ mahila bank, community based programs, agriculture and allied programs, animal husbandry, NGO's net working, policy making -- People's participation in development : Peter Oakley's interpretations, local knowledge and recourse, involvement of women and other marginalized categories, core elements of participation -- Advocacy, empowerment