Subject(s): Political corruption -- Developing countries. -- Initiatives conducive to a corruption free environment - preventive approach : Indirect and direct technique, transparent financial management system, campaign financing -- Legal framework to combat corruption - Curative approach : Investigation of corruption, US independent counsel, other specialized corruption investigation agencies, judicial process- traditional bribery legislation, special corruption offenses, money laundering, offenses involving special rules of evidence, sanctions and penalties -- International efforts against corruption : UN efforts, UN declaration against corruption and bribery, regional efforts, ORCD, criminal law convention, inter- American convention for economic co-operation, African imitative, efforts of non governmental level - Lima declaration against corruption, international chamber of commerce