Subject(s): Malnutrition -- Social aspects -- Nutrition surveys -- Undernutrition - measurement and implications : Biology of undernutrition, height as indicator of nutritional status -- Assessing undernutrition- need for a reconceptualization : Current approaches to measuring undernutrition, adjustments, adaptations and failures -- Undernutrition- concepts, measurements and policy implications : Process approach to energy balance, measurement issues -- On some controversies in measurement of undernutrition : Energy requirement of a reference adult, theory of autoregulatory homeostasis, physical growth and anthropometric status -- Measuring undernutrition with variable calorie requirements : Average calorie norm approach, undernutrition measures -- Issues in measurement of understanding -- Anthropometric measures of nutritional status in industrialized societies- Europe and north America since 1750 -- Second thoughts on European escape from hunger- famines, chronic malnutrition, and mortality rates -- Intra- household allocation of nutrients and gender effects- survey of structural and reduced form estimates